A rose for emily AP response

Prancer Town gossip is some of the Juiciest and most important news in a small community, it's like an invisible hand that gradually shifts public opinions, and usually becomes a unanimous view of the town. William Faulkner creatively uses first person communal view in his short story'A Rose For Emily† to create a tale narrated by the town's collective opinion. The narration Is told out of chronological order but with a steady flow and quick plot build up giving the story even more of a town gossip feel.Throughout the story the author creates a decaying motif and twists the saying-skeleton in the closest† Into a literal metaphor. The townspeople are onlookers to the decent of another citizen of their town, but they choose to watch her slowly fall and rarely approach her or try to help her. Faulkner's point of view makes this even more effective since It creates a kind of commentary on Emily's life. The story opens with the end, Emily Grierson's funeral.This allows the rea der to assume that the remainder of the story will be about her life, when In fact the plot uilds up to the climatic scene after her burial. Faulkner creates this plot sequence with town gossip, all of the townspeople are remembering her life and recalling her downfall. Not only is it a unanimous telling, it may also be assumed that the story is watered down telling and general of what all the townspeople think or feel about Emily. Others may have had more radical or different opinions but the narration typically leaves out these outliers.Through the eyes of the townspeople we get a very brief image of â€Å"Miss Emily's† life. It seems that not many of them have really even spoken to her, just notice when she is out of the house or when she locks herself back in. The town watches her make an action and then assumes, for instance when she buys arsenic they all make the comment â€Å"‘She will kill herself' and we said it would be the best thing†. To assume that s he will kill herself for buying arsenic would seem to be a cue to help her, instead they almost silently encourage it.The townspeople dont see her as a person; They see her as a source of entertainment, nd they emotionally distance themselves from her. They're only onlookers to her life, the may offer financial support, like dismissing her taxes, but any other help they offer is superficial and without meaning behind it. Even when the women of the town prepared to â€Å"help† when Emily's father died they quickly gave up giving her ald when she denied her father's death. Most of the story she is referred to as â€Å"Miss Emily† and very rarely as a Grierson, only when It's pertaining to her social standing.Even hough being referred to Miss Emily might be a historical quirk It still distances the townspeople from her. With this communal view Faulkner empathizes the emotional dissonance of the townspeople have toward Emily's life, but If the story was told from Emllys vi ew the reader might experience a lonely girl with the world around her controlled with criticism at every turn. Faulkner also using a decaying motif throughout the story, applying It to MISS Emily and her environment, which compliments plot since Emily was falling from race.The Imagery is Introduced early In the story, with her body † She looked bloated, like a body long submerged in motionless water†¦ † and her house in a slmllar conaltlon â€Å"It smelled 0T oust ana Olsuse-a close, clank smell. â€Å". Even tnougn tne townspeople dont see her often they still mention these details. Faulkner's communal third person alienates the reader from Emily's emotions through her life. The townspeople don't see her as a person, instead they Judge her and rarely offer her companionship or help.

Fairy tale Literature Essay

Literature (from Latin litterae (plural); letter) is the art of written work. The word literature literally means â€Å"things made from letters†. Literature is commonly classified as having two major forms—fiction & non-fiction—and two major techniques—poetry and prose. Literature may consist of texts based on factual information (journalistic or non-fiction), a category that may also include polemical works, biography, and reflective essays, or it may consist of texts based on imagination (such as fiction, poetry, or drama). Literature written in poetry emphasizes the aesthetic and rhythmic qualities of language—such as sound, symbolism, and metre—to evoke meanings in addition to, or in place of, ordinary meanings, while literature written in prose applies ordinary grammatical structure and the natural flow of speech. Literature can also be classified according to historical periods, genres, and political influences. While the concept of genre has broadened over the centuries, in general, a genre consists of artistic works that fall within a certain central theme; examples of genre include romance, mystery, crime, fantasy, erotica, and adventure, among others. Types of Literature Here are some of the popular categories of books and stories in literature. An autobiography is the story of a person’s life written or told by that person. Bill Peet: An Autobiography A biography is the story of a person’s life written or told by another person. Eleanor, by Barbara Cooney A fable is a story that teaches a moral or a lesson. It often has animal characters. The Tortoise and the Hare Fantasy novels are often set in worlds much different from our own and usually include magic, sorcery and mythical creature. The Harry Potter series by J. K. Rowling A folktale is a story that has been passed down, usually orally, within a culture. It may be based on superstition and feature supernatural characters. Folktales include fairy tales, tall tales, trickster tales and other stories passed down over generations. Hansel and Gretel A legend is a story that has been handed down over generations and is believed to be based on history, though it typically mixes fact and fiction. The hero of a legend is usually a human. King Arthur and the Roundtable. A myth is a traditional story that a particular culture or group once accepted as sacred and true. It may center on a god or supernatural being and explain how something came to be, such as lightning or music or the world itself. The Greek story of the Titan Prometheus bringing fire to humankind Science fiction stories examine how science and technology affect the world. The books often involve fantasy inventions that may be reality in the future. The Left Hand of Darkness, by Ursula Le Guin 1. Narrator| The person telling the story (not always the same person as the author or writer)| 2. Setting| The place and time period in which the story takes place| 3. Characters| Protagonist – the main character; the â€Å"good guy†Antagonist – the one opposing the main character; the â€Å"bad guy†| 4. Plot| Plot Development:| Exposition – The situation at the beginning of the storyRising Action – Complications that occur after some sort of conflict is introducedClimax – The turning point in the storyResolution – The situation after the conflict is resolved| | Types of Conflict:| Character vs Self (internal dilemmas, psychological issues, etc.)Character vs Character (personal enemies, villains, criminals, etc. )Character vs Society (governments, cultural traditions, etc. )Character vs Nature (weather, natural disasters, animals, etc. )Character vs Supernature (gods, ghosts, zombies, etc. )Character vs Machine (technology, artificial intelligence, etc. )Character vs Destiny (one’s fate, whether real or imagined)| 5. Theme| The main idea or lesson in the story|

Managers in the future Essay

I believe that planning will always be important to a manager. If the importance were to become more or less important, I would say that it is going to become more important. Planning is when an organization defines their goals, establishes strategies for achieving those goals, and developing plans to integrate and coordinate work activities (Robbins & Coulter, 2014). Planning is always needed because of the way things are constantly changing. An organization isn’t necessarily always changing, but the world is and then can affect an organization, so a company better be prepared. In the textbook, it says that managers should plan to provide direction, reduce uncertainty, minimizes waste and redundancy, and establishes the goals or standards used in controlling. This is extremely important in the planning process because it can help an organization in being successful. Providing directions in the planning process is very important because it helps build the foundation of how things will be done. Without directions, an organization would be a disaster because everyone would want to do things their own way causing confusion if people had to work together because there would be completely different methods. To me, providing directions is related to reducing the uncertainty in an organization. If there were uncertainties going on within the organization, then things probably would not happen due to confusion. Costs would be so high if planning wasn’t done to minimize waste and redundancy. If there is not a plan prepared on who was to do what, then an organization would be producing multiples of products causing the price spent on production and materials to be doubled. In plans, you want to have goals prepared. This gives people incentives to want to achieve a goal to succeed and possible advance in time. Standards are good to have so workers know what is expected of them. I have worked at a retirement for the last 5 years and an example of when my  managers use planning is when an expected storm is coming. The managers need to have a plan of what to do in case of a problem, such as a power outage. If there was no plan planned for a disaster like that, there would be serious issues do to the residents needing oxygen or motorized wheelchairs that need to be charged by a power source. This is a perfect example, in my opinion, of when planning really matters. References 1. Robbins, Stephen P., and Mary K. Coulter. â€Å"Chapter 4.† Management. 12th ed. Boston: Pearson, 2014. 220-225. Print.

English as a global language Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

English as a global language - Essay Example English is often regarded as a global language following the colonial era that saw British explorers establish dominion over early civilization to instill their cultural practices including language. Analysts explore English as a global language to provide different opinions on its future based on demographics and existing trends. Why a global language English as a global language has been depicted in most newspapers and magazines following the rich history of the world that dates back to the colonial period. Such statements were prominently displayed following the retreat of the British Empire in Asia where English would gain millage across the globe; as a result, English is seen as symbol for cultural diversity, identity, and globalization. Print and broadcast media seeking to establish the extent of English proliferation attract a worldwide audience as many gain interest to the phenomenon; consequently, such institutions have seen significant growth in terms of popularity over the years. The proliferation is evidenced by the use of English in advertisements and restaurant menus in foreign cities regardless of their native language. Most people casually acknowledge English as a global language owing to its use by influential politicians across the world. Furthermore, news in the English language demand audience in many countries as it is seen to bear a global appeal. However, this does not mean that everyone in the world is well acquainted with English since most countries their native dialects as the official language. This creates mixed feelings among individuals who have English as their mother tongue and those who are not native speakers (Crystal 2). Native speakers bear pride at the success story that is their language, but are highly sensitive when others fail to command effective use. In contrast, non-native speakers appear highly motivated to master the language, which they perceive as a milestone and are proud of the achievement. However, most feel d isadvantaged over the native speakers, as they have participated in making English a success over their native language. As such, anger, envy, and resentment are a common feature among English learners. A global language is described as one that establishes a unique and recognized role in participating countries. English surpasses these expectations, as a large number of people are fluent in the common dialect as opposed to other languages. In order to achieve a global status, a language must be the official language in a country and adopted a vast majority. In addition, the language can be prioritized in teaching institutions. There are various reasons behind the preference of a foreign language for global communication such as political expediency, historical tradition, cultural, and commercial interactions (Crystal 5). What global language English as a language has managed to claim, in a way, a global status where the media applies the language regardless of the geographical loca tion of their audience. The language is widely accepted to the extent that the Pope addressed the masses in English during his visit to the Middle East. This acceptance is significant among foreign groups who carry out their dealings with English as their official language. Such is evidenced by in the ASEAN, which is an Asian trade group as well as the de facto adoption of English by German research scientists (Wallraff 1). However, in spite of the enormous acceptance, English comes second after Chinese as the most spoken language in the world. In the United States, the Bureau of Census indicates that the number of people who speak a different language other than English has increased. For instance, California has a great number of Spanish

Psychology (Clinical depression) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Psychology (Clinical depression) - Essay Example (Robinson, Berman, Neimeyer, 1990) Depression can appear at any age, but it is prevalent now among children and adolescents, especially when they are the offspring of adults with depression. It can also strike late in life and its symptoms of impaired memory, slow speech and slowed movement can be mistaken for those of senility or stroke. Psychological treatment of depression assists the depressed individual in several ways. First of all, it helps to ease the pain of depression with addressing the feelings of hopelessness that go along with depression. That supportive counseling changes the pessimistic ideas, unrealistic expectations, and critical self-evaluations that create depression and sustain it. A qualified therapist is to help the depressed person to recognize which life problems are critical, and which are minor, and to develop positive life goals, and a more positive self-assessment. At last, the problem solving therapy changes the areas of the person's life that are creating significant stress, and contributing to the depression. Here can be a good impact of behavioral therapy that is aimed to develop coping skills, or an impact of interpersonal therapy that assist in solving relationship problems. (Weissman M.M., Markowitz J.C., 1994) Unfortunately, in practice, many poorly trained therapists can't provide supportive counseling, that leads to little improvements in treating depression. Psychotherapy is said to be helpful while being a part of the overall treatment plan, because, as researches show that in many cases unless the depressed person with the assistance of a therapist makes critical life changes, the depression still continues. This is explained by the fact of existence of internal and external changes, when internal changes are connected with problem assessment, self-evaluation, the evaluation of others, and the expectations the depressed person has for himherself, others and about life. It is an internal factor of hisher personality where there is a need to be fastidious with oneself. External changes in this case may be needed in problem solving skills, stress management, communication skills, life management skills, and the skills needed to develop and sustain relationships. (Carlson, Martin and Buskwist, 2004) They are connected with the system 'person - environment', and development of one's interaction skills with the surrounding. The length of treatment will vary due to the severity of depression, the number and kind of life problems the person has to be solved. Many people tend to experience some relief within 6 or 10 sessions, while approximately 70-80% of the treated notice improvement only within 20-30 sessions. (Simon G.E., VonKorff M., Wagner E.H., Barlow W., 1993) Treatment sessions are usually scheduled once per week, that can be a rather unsatisfactory point for those who suffer from constant problems and need to be assisted more often. Many psychiatrists now doubt if therapy and cognitive training are as effective as dugs in the treatment of depression.

Non_Traditional Approach Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Non_Traditional Approach - Essay Example Also, the method could be used to identify common characteristics, or find strategic patterns across venues or people. Interpretive approach seeks to understand general concepts in specific contexts, uncover explanations about beliefs or underlying behaviour, reproduce and or capture time, place or culture for making intelligent conclusions about actions that people take. Lin (1998) described how interpretive and positivist qualitative work are different. There are differences in motivations, preferences, and actions which cannot be represented numerically. In the positivist approach, specifics within propositions are identified or tested. In the interpretive approach, the details are integrated into systems. The manifestations of beliefs are specific to cases. Positivist work comments about general principles of relationships by recognizing patterns that are general. Interpretive work does the same by identifying the general pattern in practice. It has been considered that interpretive approach can give confidence in conclusions. Researchers in social science have been critical of the aim of social science for provision of an objective and absolute view of the world. There has been a call for a reflexive stance for recognition of all social activity. This includes the research process that forms an ongoing accomplishment that is endogenous. This has resulted in the emergence of themes including a representation crisis; emphasis on constructive language nature; and reflexive research. This consequence is a debate about the methodology of reflexive research. The business practices at McDonald’s provide an interesting platform for reflexive analysis. Cunliffe (2003) has suggested the enactment of reflexivity through layers of narrative circularity. The narrative approach has been adopted for the McDonald`s study and customers and managers have been asked to describe their

Selling in Uk Principles and Aspects Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Selling in Uk Principles and Aspects - Essay Example Whatever might be the channel to market, in UK commerce, purchasers have the right to return defective goods for full refund. Besides, if sale is done via direct selling channel, the consumer has cancellation right, irrespective of the goods being defective or not; these rights occur by the virtue of laws relating to relative channel. The UK consumer in direct selling industry has improved rights, if the seller is a part of Direct Selling Association. UK law concerned with direct selling also provides the direct retailer consumer protection rights to terminate the agreement at the start, or to stop it at any time on notice.  Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ Consumers should get clear information about of the aspects involves in purchase before they decided to purchase anything. These include the seller’s name, the price of the product extra delivery charges and VAT.†¢ To cancel the order within seven days following the receipt of goods and to get back the money even if the consumer has to compe nsate for the return of goods. If the sellers realize later on that they can’t deliver within the time, they must inform the customers earlier to cancel the order or to get refund.  Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ To ensure safety from fraudulent activities when customers pay by credit or debit card which leads to breach payment for no fault of the customer, the card provider should refund all the money to the customers’ account. Unlike in High Street purchase the customer can complain to the Advertising Standards Authority. if anything is seen fraud in the site. The Distance Selling Regulations guard the customers from the deceitful use of customer’s payment card in purchase over internet. The customer’s account should be re-credited with full amount, if any debit is made by the fraudster. Q. 2) The role of Trading Standards in enforcing legislation in the UK The Trading Standards Institute in UK is a professional body, intended for trading with standard professionals working in public and private sectors. Trading Standards Services implement legislations in safeguarding

Financial Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Financial Analysis - Essay Example The current ratio shows the ability of a company to pay off its short term debt. It is calculated dividing current assets divided by current liabilities. Agnico Eagle had a current ratio in 2012 of 3.26. This ratio is very good because it is better than the industry average of 1.50. The quick ratio is another liquidity ratio that measures short term liquidity. The difference between the quick ratio and the current ratio is that inventory is subtracted from the numerator of the formula making the quick ratio a more strict liquidity ratio. The company had a quick ratio in 2012 of 2.02 which is better than the industry average of 0.70. The debt ratio of the firm in 2012 was 0.35. This ratio shows that the company is not too highly leveraged. In the future, the company could use additional debt to finance its growth. The debt to equity ratio of the firm was 0.54. This ratio measures a number of assets being provided by creditors for each dollar of assets being provided by stockholders. T he earnings per share (EPS) of the firm was $1.81. A good EPS result tends to have a positive effect on the market price per share. The dividend per share of the company was $1.02. The dividend payout ratio of the firm was 56.35% which implies that more than half its earnings were distributed to common shareholders. The net margin shows the absolute profitability of a firm. Agnico Eagle had a net margin in 2012 of 16.21%. Its net margin was extremely good considering that the industry average net margin that year was -25.60%.

Assistant to the President Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Assistant to the President - Essay Example Finally, part-time employment shapes the students career choices, enabling them to identify their limitations in terms of education and training, and the need for further improvements, which increases their future labor market prospects. The Assistant to the President part-time position is a unique opportunity for ambitious and focused college students who would like to increase their visibility in the labor market. In this paper, I will demonstrate why I believe that this position is timely and significant for my academic progress, career development and professional growth. I find the position of the assistance to the president very interesting in a number of ways. Firstly, this position would enable me to utilize my planning skills in assisting the president to plan and implement the â€Å"corporate giving† program. Secondly, I believe that working 10 to 15 hours a week will improve my GPA’s significantly. Thirdly, given the kind of training and experience I possess, I believe that the pay rate of 12 to 15 dollars per hour is quite attractive and appropriate to me. Fourthly, the flexibility of the position, with opportunities to work from home, will enable me to manage and utilize my time effectively. Fifthly, this position has attractive benefit packages, such as occasional use of corporate vehicle acceptable millage rate for use of personal vehicle. Based on these factors, I believe that this position is quite attractive and worth of my consideration. The assistant to the president position is very important for my career progress and growth. Firstly, this opportunity will serve as my entry position to the corporate team of the corporation. Secondly, the position has a promise of career advancement with increased responsibilities such as keeping track of applicants for funds, interviewing applicants at their place of work

Advantages of Group Decision-Making Essay Example for Free

Advantages of Group Decision-Making Essay Firstly, group decision making from experts in different areas is beneficial to solve complicate problems. For instance, in a small company, boss often makes suggestions by himself; the result of his behavior relies on the ability of the boss. So there are cases when he can’t make things right, which may be serious fault to the operation of a company. However, people with different backgrounds consider the problems more carefully and comprehensively, as a result, running the company will be in less risk. Secondly, people making decisions in groups are eager to bear more risks individually. Decisions come with risks. People who make the wrong decision will take the responsibility. A contradiction rises up when they attempt to avoid being wrong and at the same time, solve problems correctly. As a result, people will somewhat not dare to make the final decision. Nevertheless, group decision makers can share the risks because each of them has responsibility for the suggestions to the problem. Moreover, individual risks are decreased when some others rectify the suggestion for him or her. 2.Disadvantages of group decision-making Firstly, low efficiency in decision-making, everyone has his own opinions and under certain circumstances such as brainstorming, it costs more time to decide what to do by group decision-making than by personal decision-making. If things go well, the results will come out quickly. But if each of them in a group can’t comprise in the end, nothing will be achieved. For example, there is news from CCTV about the 2012 DOHA Climate Change Conference, †Nearly 200 countries haggling over how to stop climate change and how to pay for it failed to reach a deal on schedule Friday. That sets the stage for the wrangling to continue late into the night.† Things like these are usually occurred when a large number of people attend. Finally, the conference extended until they arrive at an agreement. Secondly, group decision-making will lose effectiveness when people are not likely to put up with suggestions out of some reasons. In such cases, the leader of the group will be the only one who does decision-making, which has no diffidence with personal decision-making. All the members of the group should have equal opportunities and are willing to speak out. Then, group decision-making functions better in dealing with problems.

An Analysis Of Family Structure And Dynamics Social Work Essay

An Analysis Of Family Structure And Dynamics Social Work Essay The concept of family identity can be defined as a familys subjective understanding of reality based on shared beliefs and experiences that determine how individual members interact and relate to each other and the world outside the family (Bennett, Wolin, McAvity, 1988). Throughout my childhood my family had two identities: a public identity that was shaped by societal expectations and norms, and a private identity that was governed by the unique needs and issues that plagued our family life. From a public perspective we were a traditional middle class family complete with a married couple, three children, and two dogs. We lived in a modest but nice home in a suburban community, my sisters and I attended private schools, and we were financially secure. However, few people were aware of the conflict, chaos, and abuse that occurred behind closed doors within our home. Our private identity, characterized by dysfunctional behaviors and interactions that occurred between various members of the family, told a very different story. The structure or organization of my family based on patterns of interactions, subsystems, and boundaries is important in understanding the dynamics within my family of origin (Minuchin, 1974; Nichols, 2011). The genogram, or family diagram, provided in the appendix illustrates a multigenerational view of structure and relationships within my extended family (Bowen, 1978; Nichols, 2011). However, for the purpose of this paper I will focus on the structure of my family of origin. My family consists of my father, Gerald, my mother, Alma, and three children: Michelle, the eldest, Jennifer, the middle child, and myself the youngest child. Our family structure was governed by familial roles, rules, and expectations (Nichols, 2011). My father held the role of financial provider within the family. His responsibility was to ensure that the family had financial security. My mother maintained the role of caregiver and leader. She was the matriarch of the family and was charged with the task of maintaining every aspect of the home and family. My oldest sister was the scapegoat and protector within the family. Family issues were often projected onto her forcing her to take responsibility and blame for family dysfunction (Shulman, 2006). She also held the role of protector within the sibling subsystem, and frequently shielded my middle sister and I from danger and harm within and outside the home. My middle sister was the quiet member and model child of the family. She is passive and rarely expressed opinions regarding family issues, and always made an attempt to satisfy familial expectations and demands (Shulman, 2006). As the youngest child, I played the role of gatekeeper within the family. My goal as the gatekeeper was to use my wit and humor to help the family return to a state of homeostasis by easing tension and restoring calm and peace within the family (Shulman, 2006). My family was also governed by a set of explicit and implicit rules and expectations (Nichols, 201 1). Explicit rules and expectations consisted of good behavior, high academic achievement, and the completion of various chores and duties within the household. Implicit rules helped fortify family secrets and included keeping family issues private, and forbidding family members to discuss or acknowledge the dysfunction within the family. Additionally, my family operated as a closed system with rigid boundaries limiting input from outside sources (Minuchin, 1974; Nichols, 2011). We were not open or welcoming to outside influences and support; rather, we internalized familial issues and problems. My mothers mental illness complicated family dynamics and contributed to the pathology within the home. My mother has Borderline Personality Disorder which made her a polarizing presence within our home due to her frequent fits of rage and unstable mental health (Nichols, 2011). Thus, the familys attention and energy was primarily focused on my mother and her needs (Nichols, 2011). My mother would frequently displace her anger and rage onto my sisters and I in the form of physical and emotional abuse. Her behavior affected relationships, boundaries, and attachment patterns within the family as illustrated in the family genogram. My mother exhibited an anxious-ambivalent attachment to my father due to her imminent fear of abandonment (Bowlby, 1988; Nichols, 2011). She desperately desired my fathers love and attention, but would behave in ways that created conflict and chaos within the marital subsystem (Bowlby, 1988; Nichols, 2011). As a result, my father developed an anxious-avoidant attachment to my mother, which resulted in him creating a rigid boundary within the marital subsystem in order to protect and distance himself from my mothers anger and concomitant feelings of helpless and frustration (Bowlby, 1988; Minuchin, 1974; Nichols, 2011). My parents were involved in a cyclical pursuer-distancer pattern of interaction that resulted in my fathers disengagement within the marital subsystem (Minuchin, 1974; Nichols, 2011). The dynamics, boundaries, and attachments between the parental and child subsystems were equally complicated. The relationship between my mother and my oldest sister was filled with conflict and tension. My mother was exceptionally abusive to my oldest sister which resulted in the establishment of disorganized attachment (Bowlby, 1988; Nichols, 2011). My oldest sister perceived my mother as frightening; yet, she desperately desired nurturance from my mother and fluctuated between distancing herself from my mother and desperately seeking comfort and security (Bowlby, 1988; Nichols, 2011). My oldest sister and my mother were psychologically and emotionally entwined or fused with one another despite years of abuse (Bowen, 1978; Nichols, 2011). My middle sister established an anxious-avoidant attachment with my mother (Bowlby, 1988; Nichols, 2011). As a child, my middle sister rarely sought help, guidance, or comfort from my mother as a result of the abuse she endured and my mothers inab ility to adequately address her needs for safety and comfort (Bowlby, 1988; Nichols, 2011). I established an anxious-ambivalent attachment to my mother in which I desperately depended on her for emotional support and encouragement despite her abuse, but rarely received adequate comfort and nurturance (Bowlby, 1988; Nichols, 2011). My sisters and I have an anxious-avoidant attachment with my father as a result of his inability to consistently provide us with comfort and safety in response to my mothers abuse (Bowlby, 1988; Nichols, 2011). The family dynamics, however, strengthened the sibling subsystem. My sisters and I have a secure attachment and are able to rely on each other for support, comfort, and nurturance in the face of adversity (Bowlby, 1988; Nichols, 2011). Culture and ethnicity also played an integral role in my family identity and dynamics. My parents are first generation Mexican-Americans and were raised in families that emphasized traditional Mexican cultural values and beliefs including a strong commitment to family, respect, trust, and religion (Rothman, Gant, Hnat, 1985). However, my parents raised my sisters and I in a bi-cultural environment that incorporated various aspects of American and Mexican culture and traditions. My parents emphasized trust, respect, and commitment within the family, but they also introduced American language, food, celebrations, and values including a focus on individuality, privacy, and achievement (Rothman et al., 1985; Beane, 2011). Additionally, contrary to traditional Mexican culture, there was a stronger emphasis on immediate rather than extended family (Rothman et al., 1985). Religion was also an important cultural aspect of our lives. My family is Catholic and placed a strong emphasis on relig ious beliefs and rituals such as praying before meals and attending church together every Sunday. Family Crisis/Transition In June of 1992 my family, as we knew it, changed forever. My father left our home without any prior notice or discussion and filed for divorce from my mother. His abrupt and unanticipated departure from our home left every family member struggling with feelings of shock, confusion, disdain, anger, and anxiety. The initial phase of the divorce process is identified as the most stressful time for a family due to the changes in family structure as a result of the absence of a parent, and subsequent pressures and demands for family members to take on new roles and responsibilities (Cooper, McLanahan, Meadows, Brooks-Gunn, 2009; Kelly Emery, 2003). Additionally, families often experience significant changes in socioeconomic, social, and health resources as the result of a divorce that often increases the level of stress within a family and complicates the coping and adaptation process (Cooper et al., 2009, p. 559; Kelly Emery, 2003). According to the ABC-X Model of Family Crisis, a fam ilys ability to adjust and cope with transitions and crises is based on the interaction of the following variables: A-the situation or stressor event, B-available resources, C-the familys perception of the event, and X-the degree of stress or crisis experienced by a family (McKenry Price, 1994). Let us now apply the ABC-X Model of Family Crisis to analyze my familys initial response to the stressful transition of my parents divorce. The stressor facing my family was the separation, and subsequent divorce, of my parents which left the family in a state of distress and significantly altered our family identity, structure, dynamics, and functioning. My fathers absence resulted in significant financial hardship for the family, which forced my mother to enter the workforce and take on the new and unfamiliar role of financial provider. The responsibility and demands of this new role affected my mothers ability to maintain her caregiver role within the family. As a result, my sisters and I had to take on many of her responsibilities within the home. Initially, my oldest sister took on the role of caregiver in my mothers absence. However, my oldest sister left for college shortly after my fathers departure which resulted in significant changes to the sibling subsystem and further complicated our familys ability to adapt and cope. My middle sister was forced to abandon her usual role as the quiet member, and assume the r ole of protector and caregiver. This new role placed a great deal of pressure on my middle sister and changed the dynamic within the new sibling dyad by increasing tension. Additionally, I was no longer able to successfully ease family tension and chaos as the gatekeeper, and assumed the new role of helping my middle sister maintain the household. The divorce also affected family attachment needs, boundaries, and relationships. After the divorce, my father was physically and emotionally cut-off from my mother and the rest of the family (Bowen, 1978; Nichols, 2011). My sisters and I had no contact with my father for a year following the divorce, which created a rigid boundary between him and the child subsystem and contributed to our inability to reconcile our grief and heal (Minuchin, 1974; Nichols, 2011). Additionally, boundaries between the parental and child subsystems, and within the sibling subsystem, became more diffuse as a result of the new roles and responsibilities of each family member (Minuchin, 1974; Nichols, 2011). The changes in family structure forced my middle sister to take on more of a parental role within the sibling subsystem. Additionally, my mother was unable to spend as much time within the home due to the demands of her new role as financial provider, which created a distance and disengagement between the parent and child subsystems (Minuchin, 1974; Nichols, 2011). My mothers relationship with my oldest sister was equally affected as a result of the transition. After she left home, my oldest sister was able to emotionally separate or cut-off my mother and the chaos within the home (Bowen, 1978; Nichols, 2011). However, my oldest sister continued to provide emotional support within the sibling subsystem. My mothers mental illness complicated her ability to cope with the transition and adequately address the attachment needs of my sisters and I (Minuchin, 1974; Nichols, 2011). Despite the complicated and chaotic relationship we each had with my mother we desperately needed and wanted her comfort, guidance, and nurturance in response to the pain, confusion, and anguish we were feeling. However, my mothers own emotional instability rendered her unable to adequately address our needs for attachment. My mother was preoccupied with her own needs for emotional comfort and responded in a cold and rejecting manner to our need for comfort and security. Rather, my middle sister and I were forced to provide comfort and solace to my mother and put our own needs aside. This role reversal further complicated the interactions and boundaries between the parent and child subsystems. Culture also influenced my familys perception of the divorce and ability to cope with the transition. The dissolution of a marriage and family is not well accepted within the Mexican culture due to the strong emphasis on family connection and commitment. In fact, families that experience divorce are often shamed and ostracized by extended family as was the case in our family system. My maternal grandparents expressed disdain and disappointment in my mothers inability to salvage her marriage and family, which created more tension within our family. Additionally, divorce was uncommon within our suburban community. We were the first family in our community to experience a divorce and this contributed to my familys feelings of embarrassment and shame. The divorce also altered our familys public identity of the ideal middle class family, and revealed some of the conflict and chaos within our home. Our family identity now reflected marital discord and a broken home. Our religious beliefs a lso complicated our ability to adapt after the divorce. Divorce is not supported or condoned within Catholicism which increased our feelings of embarrassment and shame in the Catholic community. My family had limited access to resources following the divorce. As previously mentioned, our family operated as a closed system which complicated our ability to attain adequate financial, social, and emotional support and assistance from external systems (Minuchin, 1974; Nichols, 2011). Our socioeconomic status, financial resources, and standard of living were significantly minimized. We transitioned from being a financially secure middle class family to living below the poverty line in a matter of months. Our access to social support was also limited as a result of the rigid boundaries separating my family from external systems of support such as family friends and mental health professionals (Minuchin, 1974; Nichols, 2011). Rather, each member of the family sought individual resources within and outside the family to help alleviate emotional distress and attain support. For example, my sisters and I sought support from external systems including friends and teachers (Nichols, 2011 ). We also relied on the secure attachment we had with each other for emotional support and guidance (Bowlby, 1988; Nichols, 2011). My mother sought emotional support from extended family, the child subsystem, and her new co-workers. My parents divorce was an unexpected event that significantly increased the level of stress within my family and contributed to changes in family identity, structure, roles, relationships, and resources. My familys resistance to seek and accept external resources and support further complicated our ability as a system to recover from our loss and adaptively cope with the transition. Cultural influences also contributed to a negative appraisal of the situation. My familys negative perception of the divorce resulted in feelings of hopelessness and despair rather than an emphasis on problem-solving and growth (McKenry Price, 1994). This negative perception significantly inhibited our ability to adaptively cope with the transition and associated stressors. My family was able to readjust structure and roles, but lacked cohesion and stability. The culmination of the event, the lack of sufficient resources, and the negative perception of the transition resulted in my familys appraisal of t he event as a crisis that disrupted equilibrium, increased pressure and stress within the family system, and negatively affected family functioning (McKenry Price, 1994).

Review Paper on Fault Tolerance in Cloud Computing

Review Paper on Fault Tolerance in Cloud Computing A REVIEW PAPER ON FAULT TOLERANCE IN CLOUD COMPUTING Deepali Mittal Ms. Neha Agarwal Abstract— Cloud computing demand is increasing due to which it is important to provide correct services in the presence of faults also. The Resources in cloud computing can be dynamically scaled that too in a cost effective manner. Fault Tolerance is the process of finding faults and failures in a system. If a fault occurs or there is a hardware failure or software failure then also the system should work properly. Failures should be managed in a effective way for reliable Cloud Computing. It will also ensure availaibility and robustness .This paper aims to provide a better understanding of fault tolerance techniques which are used for managing faults in cloud. It also deals with some existing Fault tolerance model. Index Terms— Cloud Computing, Fault Tolerance, Dependability. I. Introduction Cloud computing is new method which can be used for representing computing model where IT services are delivered via internet technologies . These have attracted millions of users. Cloud storage not only provide us the massive computing infrastructure but also the economics of scale. Such a trend, requires assurance of the quality of data storage services which involves two concerns from both cloud users and cloud service providers: data integrity and storage efficiency. It is much more simple than internet. It is a service that allows user to access applications that actually exist at location other than user’s own computer or other devices on network. There are many benefits of this technology. For example any other company hosts user application. Cloud computing is nothing new as it uses approaches, concepts, and techniques that have already been developed. But on the other side everything is new as cloud computing changes how we invent, develop, deploy, scale, update, maintain, and pay for applications and the infrastructure on which they run. Cloud Computing is an efficient way of computing as it centralizes the storage, memory and processing. Fault tolerance has the property to assess the capability of the system to react graceciouslly to a hardware and software failure which is not expected. In assortment to attain robustness or raptness in cloud computing, failure should be determined and handled carefully.This paper will give basic knowledge about Fault tolerance Approaches.The Methods used for fault management in cloud We also study some existing fault management models which tolerates fault in cloud environment. Then figure out the best model of fault tolerance. Fault tolerance deals with all different approaches that provides robustness ,availaibility and dependability .The major use of enforcing fault tolerance in cloud computing include recovery from different hardware and software failures, reduced cost and also improves performance . Robustness is the property of providing of with an accurate service in an unwanted situation that can arise because of an unexpected system state. Dependability is something that need to be achieved.It is one of the very important aspects for cloud provider.It includes dependability as well as availability.It is related to some of the Quality of service issues delivered by the system. Fault tolerance intent to accomplish robustness and dependability in the cloud environment.Fault tolerance techniques can be classified into types depending on the policies of fault tolerance viz, Proactive Fault Tolerance : Proactive fault tolerance simple means early prediction of the problem before it actually arises. Reactive fault tolerance: This policy handles the failure. The effect of failure is reduced when the failure actually occurs. This could be further divided into two sub-procedures : 1. Error Processing 2. Flaw Treatment The first process eliminates error from the system. Fault treatment tries to prevent faults from getting reactivated . Fault tolerance is accomplished by error processing. Error Processing has two main phases. The first phase is â€Å"effective error processing† which means bringing the effective error back to a latent state and if possible it is done before occurrence of a failure.The Second Phase is â€Å"latent error processing† which aims to ensure that the error is not reactivated. II. Existing Fault Tolerance Approaches In Cloud The different techniques used for fault tolerance in cloud are : Check pointing: It is a good fault tolerance approach .It is used for applications which have a long running time. In check pointing technique , check pointing is done after each change in system state. It is useful when a task is not able to complete. It fails in the middle due to some error. Then that task is made to begin from the most recent check pointed state instead of restarting it from the beginning. Task Migration : There may be a case when a task in not able to complete on the assigned specific virtual machine . When this type of task failure occurs then that task could be moved other machine. This can be performed by using HA-Proxy. Replication: Replication simply means copying. The replica of tasks is executed on distinct resources if the original instance af task fails.It is done to get the actual required result. Replication can be implemented by using various tools. Some of the tools are Hadoop , HA Proxy or Amazon EC2. Self- Healing : A big task can divided into parts .This division is done for better performance. It results in creation of variant application instance.The instances run on distinct virtual machines.In this way automated failure management is done for instances. Safety bag checks: This strategy is quite simple. It blocks the command which does not met the requirements for safe execution or proper working of machine. S-Guard : It is a stream Processing techniques.It makes available more resources. It use the mechanism of Rollback recovery. Check Pointing is done Asynchronously. It is used for distributed environment. S-Guard is performed using Hadoop or Amazon EC2. Retry : A task is made to execute repeatedly .This approach try to re execute the failed job on same machine . Task Resubmission : A task failure can make the complete job also fail. So when a failed task is identified ,it should be submitted to same or either distinct resource for reexecution. Time checker : Time checker is a supervised technique. A watch dog is used. It consider Critical time function. Rescue workflow : This strategy is used for Fault tolerance in workflow execution. Reconfiguration: The configuration of the system is changed in this technique.The faulty component is removed. Resource Co-allocation: It increases the availability of resources. It takes care of multiple resources. Resource allocation is done to complete the execution of task. III. Fault Tolerance Models Various Fault Tolerance Models are designed using these techniques. These techniques are combined with one another and then applied or simply used individually. Some of Existent fault tolerance models are : â€Å"AFTRC A Fault Tolerance Model for Real Time Cloud Computing† is designed by keeping the fact in mind that real time systems have good computation. These systems are also scalable and make use of virtualization techniques which helps in excuting real time applications more effectively.This model is designed by considering the dependability issue. The model make use of proactive fault strategy and predicts the faulty nodes. â€Å"LLFT Low Latency Fault Tolerance † act as a middleware for tolerating faults. It is useful for distributed application which are running in cloud. In this model fault tolerance is provided like a service by cloud providers. Applications are replicated by middleware. In this way replication helps in handling of faults for different applications. â€Å"FTWS Fault Tolerant WorkFlow Scheduling† is a model based on replication approach. It also makes use of resubmission technique. A metric is maintained for checking the priority of tasks and they are submitted accordingly. The principle of workflow is used in this model. Workflow means a series of task executed orderly. Data dependency decides the order. Fault management is done while the workflow is scheduled. â€Å"FTM† is one of the most flexible model. It delivers fault tolerance as on demand service. The user has a advantage that without having known the working of model ,they can specify the required fault tolerance. It is mainly designed for dependability issues. It consists of various components. Each component has its own functionality. †Candy† is component base availability modeling frame work. It is mainly designed for availaibility issues. System modelling language is used to construct a model from specifications. This is done semi automatically. â€Å"Vega-warden† is a uniform user management system. It creates global work space for variant applications and distinct infrastructure.This model is constructed for virtual cluster base cloud computing environment to overcome the 2 problems: usability and security which arise from sharing of infrastructure. â€Å"FT-Cloud† has a mechanism of automatic detection of faults.It makes use of frequency for finding out the component. â€Å"Magi-Cube† is a kind of architecture for computing in cloud environment.It is designed for dependability,expenditure and performance issues.All three issues are related to storage.This architecture provides highly reliable and less redundant storage. This storage system is done for metadata handling.It also handles file read and write. IV. Fault Tolerant Model for Dependable Cloud Computing Fault Tolerant Model for dependable cloud computing is a model designed for dealing with failures in cloud . As we all know Cloud Computing Environment is made up of virtual machines or you can say nodes. The applications run on these nodes. Using this model faulty nodes are detected and replaced by correctly performing nodes. This is done for real applications. Now on what criteria the model can decide a node to be faulty ? There can be various parameters for detecting faulty node but this model makes use of dependability or dependability measurement. The criteria could be changed according to user’s requirement. A. Working of Model The model is designed for X virtual machines. X distinct algorithms run on the X nodes. Input buffer feeds the data to nodes. The input data is then moved onwards to all the nodes simultaneously. When the node gets the input it starts its operation. It performs some functions as designed or stated by the algorithm . In other words , the algorithm runs on nodes and gives a result .The Funtioning of every module is different. Accepter Module This module tests the nodes for correct result. It verifies the result of algorithms. If the result is faultless or as required then the result is forwarded further for evaluation of dependability.The appropriate result is sent to timer module. The inappropriate result is not forwarded instead signal is sent. Timer Module This module has a timer set for every node .It checks the time of result.If the result is generated before the time set or within that assigned time the only it forwards the result. Dependability Assessor This module is responsible for checking of dependability of nodes. At the starting of system the dependability for each node is set to it maximum that is cent percent. When computations are performed the dependability of nodes dynamically changes.The dependability is decided on the basis of time and correctness of result. Dependability increases if the result is accurate and on time. The highest and lowest limit of dependability is set in the beginning. The node with dependability value less than the lowest dependability is replaced. It also sends a message to resource manager. The result of dependability assesers forwards the results to descision maker module. Decision Maker It gets the result from dependability assessors. A selection of node is done from all perfect nodes. The node which has the maximum dependability is selected. It makes the comparison between the dependability level of nodes and system dependability. System dependability is important to be attained by a node. In case all the node fails to achieve the system dependability then a failure notification is issued. A failure notification means that all the nodes have failed for this computation cycle. Now backward recovery is done using check points .Decision maker also asks the resource manager to replace the node with lowest dependability with the new one. Check Pointing Check Pointing saves the state of system. It is done at regular small intervals. It is helpful in a scenario when a system fails completely. The strategy helps in automatic recovery form the check pointer state. This automatic recovery is done only when all the nodes fails. The system continues to work properly with rest of the nodes. Fig .1.Fault Tolerant Model For Dependable Cloud Computing B. Mechanism Of the Model Dependability Assessment Algorithm Begin Initially dependability:=1, n :=1 Input from configuration RF, maxDependability, minDependability Input nodestatus if nodeStatus =Pass then dependability := dependability + (dependability * RF) if n > 1 then := n-1; else if processing node Status = Fail then dependability: = dependability – (dependability * RF * n) n: = n+1; if dependability >= max Dependability then Dependability: = max Dependability if dependability Call Add new node ( ); End Decision Mechanism Algorithm Begin Initially dependability:=1, n :=1 Input from RA nodeDependability, numCandNodes Input from configuration SRL bestDependability := find_dependability of node with highest dependability if bestDependability >= SRL status := success else perform_backward_recovery call_proc: remove_node_minDependability call_proc: add_new_node End C. Result In the first cycle, both VirtualMacine-1 and VirtualMachine-3 have the same dependability, but the result of VM-1 has been selected as it has a lower IP address. VM-3 output was selected by DM from cycle 2 to 4, as it has the highest dependability among competing virtual machines. In cycle 5 VirtualMachine-3 still has the highest dependability, but it is not selected. Because its result was not passed by AT and TC, so consequently, it was not among competing virtual machines. TABLE I : Result v. Conclusion and future work Tolerance of faults makes an important problem in the scope of environments of cloud computing. Fault tolerance method activates when a fault enters the boundaries i.e theoretically these strategies are implemented for detecting the failures and make an appropriate action before failures are about to occur. I have looked after the need of fault tolerance with its various methods for implementing fault tolerance. Various called models for fault tolerance are discussed .In the present scene, there are number of models which provide different mechanisms to improve the system. But still there are number of problems which requires some concern for every frame work. There are some drawbacks non of them can full fill the all expected aspects of faults. So might be there is a possibility to carried over the drawbacks of all previous models and try to make a appropriate model which can cover maximum fault tolerance aspect. References AnjuBala, InderveerChana,† Fault Tolerance- Challenges, Techniques and Implementation in Cloud Computing† IJCSI International Journal of Computer Science Issues, Vol. 9, Issue 1, No 1, January 2012 ISSN (Online): 1694-0814 www.IJCSI.org Sheheryar MalikandFabriceHuet â€Å"Adaptive Fault Tolerance in Real Time Cloud Computing† 2011 IEEE World Congress on Service Ravi Jhawar, Vincenzo Piuri, Marco Santambrogio,† A Comprehensive Conceptual System-Level Approach to Fault Tolerance in Cloud Computing†, 2012 IEEE, DOI 10.1109/SysCon.2012.6189503 P. Mell, T. Grance. The NISTdefinition of cloud computing. Technical report, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 2009. Wenbing Zhao, Melliar-Smith, and P. M. Moser, â€Å"Fault tolerance middleware for cloud computing,† in 3rd International Conference on Cloud Computing (CLOUD 2010). Miami, FL, USA, 2010. R. Jhawar, V. Piuri, and M. D. Santambrogio, â€Å"A comprehensive conceptual system level approach to fault tolerance in cloud computing,† in Proc. IEEE Int. Syst. Conf., Mar. 2012, pp. 1–5. M. Castro and B. Liskov, â€Å"Practical Byzantine fault tolerance,† in Proc.3rd Symp. Operating Syst. Design Implementation, 1999, pp. 173–186.

Important Factors In A Romantic Relationship :: essays research papers

Important Factors in a Romantic Relationship Why get involved in a romantic relationship? What benefits do they have? People commonly ask these questions when faced with the decision of getting involved with someone. Romantic relationships provide comradery, courtship, and love. All of these contribute to building a lasting bond between two people. Friendship is the foundation, courtship preserves the romance, and love makes it last. Friendship is often the basis of romantic relationships. The comradery brings two people closer together. A romantic partner is someone in whom to confide, and with whom to share great problems. He is there to console and comfort in hours of need. He gives his friendship unconditionally as a foundation in the relationship. Friendship takes love and kindness, as do romantic relationships. When a couple starts out as friends, they build a stronger alliance. This is why romance usually starts with friendship. Courtship is very important in romantic relationships. Amorous companions need to feel wanted and appreciated. Courtship keeps the romance in a relationship. It helps one lover show the other how he feels. "Show your love with flowers " is frequently used in the flower industry to get people to buy flowers. Buying flowers shows one's affection. Holidays such as Valentine's Day emphasize the need to show that special someone how admired they really are. Courtship allows people to continuously grow closer and learn new things about each other. Whether it is giving a sweetheart a dozen roses, or an "I love you" now and then, courtship is what keeps the flame alive between romantic partners. Love binds all romantic relationships. Without love they would not exist. George Hebert shows the benefits of love in relationships in this quotation that states "Love makes all hard hearts gentle." This quote expresses how a cold person coming into a relationship can be softened by love. Having a romantic partner gives a person a sense of reassurance, self-esteem, and love for himself. Love enhances the lives of both partners in the relationship. For example, when two people are in love, their emotions are at an ultimate high.

Boots secures its Wellbeing Essay -- essays research papers

Boots secures its Wellbeing The Wellbeing Web site, launched by Boots and Granada, had to establish systems to identify and screen out online fraudsters without inconveniencing its genuine customers. Susan Amos reports When chemist Boots and leisure giant Granada launched Wellbeing.com, a Web site that sells goods ranging from toothbrushes to exercise bikes, they realised that like all major online shopping ventures it faced a significant threat from fraudsters. They wanted to make it easy for genuine consumers to buy, while keeping fraudsters at bay those who use computer-generated credit card numbers to buy goods, and do not pay for them. When an order is placed on Wellbeing.com, its bank, Barclays Merchant Services, checks that the credit card number is genuine, that the card is not stolen and that there are funds available. However, this system provides little safeguard against a number being used fraudulently if the card has not been stolen. To add further checks, Wellbeing turned to Texas-based ClearCommerce's Enterprise Merchant Engine an integrated fraud management system. Kevin Figgitt, third party operations manager at Wellbeing, says Enterprise Merchant Engine is very easy to use. 'You set up a number of rules. According to what the customer types in, it returns codes and you can decide what action to take for each response code,' he says. The software can refer a customer to a contact centre to complete a transaction or block purchases entirely. The eng...

Pierrot Le Fou, Art, and You

Pierrot Le Fou, Art, and You Jean-Luc Godard's film Pierrot Le Fou is in itself a challenging piece of cinematic art. The film, which experiments with elements of mise-en-scene, cinematography, and editing in an unconventional, intricate, and artistic manner, represents a milestone in the film genre known as the French New Wave, and continues to be important to the history of cinema today. With Pierrot Le Fou, director Godard expresses commentary on such things as mass culture, politics, America, literature, music, art, and cinema itself.These opinions are communicated to us throughout the film not only through the filmic techniques employed, but by the actors themselves; through their dialogue and their acknowledgment of the spectators presence. It is Godard's choices to employ a garish color scheme, references to mass culture, narrative intransivity, and the destruction of the â€Å"fourth wall† that allow for Pierrot Le Fou to highlight the dominant pop art movement occurri ng at the time as well as to confront viewers, express commentary concerning literature and cinema, and break the audience's willing suspension of disbelief.Bright, vivid, and often primary shades of color, in addition to subject matter concerning references and depictions of elements present in mass culture describe the collective term of the artistic phenomena occurring in the 1950's and 60's known as â€Å"Pop Art. † In Pierrot Le Fou, we are made highly aware of such a movement as much of the film is styled according to such. This can be seen as early as in the opening credits, which slowly piece together in shades of bright red and blue (depicting at first a bunch of A's, B's, and C's) a title and credit screen.With such a flashy opening, characteristics of pop art are instantly alluded to; and continue to remain present throughout the remainder of the film. One of the most significant scenes in which this is conceptualized is the sequence in which the main character, Fe rdinand, attends a cocktail party. The party sequence, which is shot entirely on a 2D plain in which the actors are arranged facing each other against the wall, is also filmed through bright, primary colored filters. Throughout this sequence, every cut is marked by a change in color scheme.Beginning in a garish shade of red, the sequence then alternates between shades of bright white, yellow, blue, and finally – in the last shot, a combination of yellow, orange, pink, and purple hues. This sequence, through Godard's choice of color filtering, represents not only colors characteristic in much of the â€Å"Pop Art† produced during this period; but makes reference to advertising and consumer products. This is evident in a shot during the sequence in which we are shown a man and a woman sitting together against a wall within a blue colored frame.During this shot, the woman speaks about her â€Å"hairdo†, which is, â€Å"able to keep it's shape all day thanks to a c loud of Aquanet. † After uttering this, she continues to enthusiastically talk about the Aquanet product to the man as if she were advertising it to the general public. Not only are references to consumer culture made here through such dialogue, but the depiction of her hair after having been sprayed with Aquanet allude to the Pop Art movement of the time in its reflection of consumer culture.Besides making us aware of such a dominant artistic phenomena, Godard's use of episodic structure to separate scenes in Pierrot Le Fou constantly challenges us to re-concentrate and re-focus our attention, as well as explores the notion of cinema as a topic in the narrative. The film, which is divided into different chapters; thus enables for the introduction of interruptions into the narrative. It can be said that such a technique is borrowed from literature – which is a theme that is present not only in this way throughout the film, but implied in numerous other scenes.While chal lenging the viewer with such narrative intransivity – a term used to describe Godard's constant interruptions via his introduction of new scenes as â€Å"chapters† – Pierrot Le Fou also challenges the notion of the power of the cinema to â€Å"capture† it's audience without apparently having done so (in terms of making it think or changing it). i In terms of the narrative and cinema, Godard also introduces to us in Pierrot Le Fou the idea of film as a process of writing in images – and by doing so, raises the topic of cinema itself within the narrative.Throughout Pierrot Le Fou, there are numerous instances in which elements of cinema are dissected, and are representational of what they construct. In one such instance, Marianne is shown looking at the audience in a close-up shot with a scissors literally â€Å"cutting† across the screen to mark the cut that follows. In another occurrence, Ferdinand is shown in a close-up pointing a gun at th e audience – to signify a shot. Representationally, both of these instances convey elements of cinema directly to the audience through the objects that the characters present.Thus, these shots, while raising topics concerning the cinema; also break the narrative surface by allowing for the characters direct engagement with the audience. This intentional destruction of the â€Å"fourth wall†, brought to us in the film by shots featuring a confrontation between the spectator and the characters (where we can observe them observing us), not only breaks that spectator's willing suspension of disbelief, but poses questions about the level of truth in the diegesis but also in terms of cinema itself.Such notions of the misleading and deceiving nature of appearances are constantly touched upon throughout the film, always in a way that is confrontational; and at times, representational. In the scene in which Marianne is asked by Ferdinand about whether or not she will ever leave him, instead of a shot of Ferdinand asking the question, a fox is shown walking around. After the question is asked, a close-up of the fox looking at the audience is presented as Marianne answers, â€Å"Of course I won't. † Immediately after answering, this shot is cut to another close-up shot of Marianne looking out at the audience.These two shots are representational not only of each other, but of such notions of deceit. First of all, it is obvious in the presentation of these two shots that we are to draw a parallel between the creature and Marianne – as they look very similar and both are framed and looking out to us in the same way, one immediately right after the other. The deceptive and cunning nature known to be associated with a fox is also representational of Marianne's expression in the shot, as she appears to look so – and such qualities are further highlighted by the close-up framing of her face.By these two shots alone, notions associated with cin ema and fiction are raised as well. It is as if, by being directly engaged with the fox and Marianne, the audience is asked to actively participate in the formulation of questions concerning such things. By allowing for characters to directly engage themselves with the audience, Pierrot Le Fou, through such shot compositions, challenges the audience directly to engage itself in the film not simply as a spectator, but rather, as active participants questioning and creating meanings.By implementing such elements, with Pierrot Le Fou, Godard has created a film stylized to not only highlight, but to comment upon and furthermore challenge notions of Pop Art, cinema, and literature/fiction. It is through such unconventional means of expressing his ideas in his use of mise-en-scene present in the lighting of the garish color scheme, the cinematography choices he made in terms of framing the characters, and how editing was employed to draw parallels and create meaning, that the film conveys its intentions in a diegesis that is complex, artistic, and confrontational.While the entirety of the diegesis's motives may not be initially apparent, due to the complexity of the narrative and the amount of themes and questions Godard raises with the film; we as an audience can recognize how such filmic techniques employed by the director have come together to create such meanings. After all, the movie, like an intricate artwork, takes some studying to truly figure out. Nichols, Bill. Movies and Methods. Vol. II. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California, 1985. Print.

Decision Analysis Essay

In business today, many decision-making situations occur under conditions of uncertainty. The demand for a product can be one number this week and double that number next week or vice versa. There are several decision-making techniques to aid the decision maker in dealing with these types of uncertainties. There are two classes of decision situations, situations where probabilities can be assigned to future occurrences and probabilities that cannot be assigned. A decision-making situation includes several components, the decision itself and the actual events that can occur in the future, we refer to those as states of nature. The states of nature can be good and bad economic conditions, cold or warm weather, and an accident or no accident. The state of nature that does occur will determine the outcome of the decision, but the decision maker has no control over which state occurs. Payoff tables are organized so that the decision situations can be analyzed. Using a payoff table is a means of organizing a decision situation, including the payoffs from different decisions, given the various states of nature. Each decision will result in a specific outcome corresponding to the particular state of nature that occurs in the future. Payoffs are usually expressed as revenues or costs, but the can be expressed in a variety of values. Once a payoff table has been organized, there are several criteria available for making the actual decision. One of those is the maximax criterion. The maximax criterion results in the maximum of the maximum payoffs. The decision maker would be very optimistic. They would assume the most favorable state of nature would occur. When considering profit, the decision maker would pick the state of nature that gains the highest revenue. When considering cost, the decision maker would select the minimum of the minimum of costs, which is also referred to as the minimin criterion. The maximin criterion is another criteria that can be used. The maximin criterion results in the maximum of the minimum payoff. This is a pessimistic criterion. The decision maker assumes that the minimum payoff will occur. Of those minimum payoffs, the maximum is selected. If the decision maker were to consider costs instead of profits as the payoff, the conservative approach would to select the maximum cost for each decision. Then they would select the minimum of those costs. The minimax regret criterion minimizes the maximum regret. Regret is the difference between the payoff from the best decision and all other decision payoffs. With this criterion, the decision maker attempts to avoid regret by selecting the decision alternative that minimizes the maximum regret. To use this criterion, the decision maker selects the maximum pay off under each state of nature and then subtracts the other payoffs from those amounts. The Hurwicz criterion is a compromise between the maximax and maximin criteria. The decision maker is not totally optimistic not totally pessimistic. With this criterion, the payoffs are weighted by a cofficient of optimism, which is a measure of the decision maker’s optimism. The coefficient of optimism must be determined by the decision maker, which is a limitation. It can be difficult for a decision maker to accurately determine his or her degree of optimism. This is a completely subjective decision making criterion. The equal likelihood criterion is done in the same way. The equal likelihood criterion multiplies the decision payoff for each state of nature by an equal weight. In conclusion, decision making analysis is a key component to maximizing profit and minimizing cost. There are several different decision-making criteria. Which criteria is used would be based on the decision makers outlook on the future.

Euro Disney Case Essay

1. Using Hofstede’s four cultural dimensions as a point of reference, what are some of the main cultural differences between the United States and France? Some of the main cultural differences according to Hofstede’s are that France has a high power distance meaning that in these countries people blindly obey the orders of their superiors. In contrast of the United States, which have a lower power distance meaning, that they have lower strata of the workforce but often with highly qualified people. Another Difference is the Uncertainty Avoidance both countries have. For example, France has a strong Uncertainty Avoidance, meaning that their cultures have a great deal of structuring of organizational activities, more written rules, less risk taking by managers, lower labor turnover, and less ambitious employees. Unlike the United States culture that has a weak Uncertainty Avoidance meaning that these cultures are more willing to accept risks associated with the unknown that life must go on in spite of this. As the last difference according to Hofstede’s is the principle of Masculinity, that consist of countries that their dominant values in society are success, money, and things. This principle applies to the United States. As for France, they have a Femininity principle meaning that their dominant values in society is to care for others and quality of life. 2. In what way has Trompenaar’s research helped explain cultural differences between the United States and France? As for Trompenaar’s research both countries are high in Universalism meaning that the focus is more on formal rules than on relationships, business contract are adhered to very closely, and people believe that a deal is a deal. The difference among the countries begins with the High Individualism for the United States. This views people regarding themselves as individuals. For Individualism people ideally achieve things alone, and they  assume a great deal of personal responsibility. In contrast of France Communitarianism referring to people regarding themselves as part of a group. For Communitarianism decisions typically are referred to committees, people achieve things in groups, and they jointly assume responsibility. The study of these differences is similar to Hofstede’s Cultural Dimensions however not quite the same for some countries. Another difference between both countries is that the United States has an Achievement culture. This culture refers one in which people are accorded status based on how ell they perform their functions. Achievement culture gives high states to high achievers meaning that people who work more at the end they will have a pay off for their extra effort. In contrast of France that has an Ascription Culture that refers to which status is attributed based on who or what person is. In this type of culture an individual may have high states because of the longevity in a company or simply has a better status for the people they know. In other word if they have connections they get a better status. 3. In managing its Euro Disneyland operations, what are three mistakes that the company made? Explain. The mistakes Euro Disneyland operation had were mainly handling French Culture: 1. Alcohol ban in a culture that having wine is like a religion 2. Disney strict appearance code for employees. The European culture is more open with piercings, tattoos etc. Disney made a handbook of detailed rules on acceptable clothing, hairstyles, and jewelry. This upsetting because French complained that Americans were so insensitive with French Culture 3. Difference in language where the French firms felt strangers in their own country. As an example to this, having French workforce means that their language or accent is not going to be perfect to English speakers or â€Å"Disney Culture.† To exemplify more, whenever an employee tried to practice â€Å"Howdy!† in a cowboy environment, he mispronounced the word to something close to â€Å"Audi.† This could have created a major problem with Disney’s sponsors like Renault. Also Disney placed its first ads for work bid in English, leaving small and medium sized French firms feeling like foreigners in their own land. 4. Based on its experience, what are three lessons the company should have learned about how to deal with diversity? Describe each. One of the lessons Euro Disney faced was putting the park in charge of a French local (Bourguignon). Something that the Tokyo Disney top management handles it well. At the beginning an American was in charge of operations in Euro Disney. Even though he was well identified with the culture is not the same having a local in charge. Second they learned that they had to adapt their â€Å"Disney Culture† more to the European Culture. By trying to change policies like allowing wine for dining purposes and get rid of some uptight dress codes. Third they learned that with seduction they could establish god relations with local residents that would benefit the park in the long run.

Critical Lens the Odyseey and Ithaka

Ms. Zivas Critical Lens According to an unknown author, â€Å"It is not what an author states, but what he or she whispers that is important. † In other words, every detail in every book or work of literature has a more complex meaning than what is on the paper. Two works that prove this quote true are The Odyssey by Homer and â€Å"Ithaka† by Constantine Cavafy. The Odyssey by Homer is a metaphor for life. â€Å"It is the journey that makes up your life† as said by Tiresias, a blind prophet in The Odyssey. There are many life lessons or lessons learned in this work.For example, in the episode The Lotus Eaters, the lesson Homer meant to teach his listener was to resist temptations. Another lesson Homer meant to teach was that temptations can lead to danger. This was said in The Sirens episode. Life is a long but interesting path. One will never know what might happen. All of the creatures or characters in The Odyssey represent an obstacle someone might face in li fe. As said before, The Odyssey by Homer is a metaphor for life. â€Å"Ithaka† by Constantine Cavafy represents the road to death or the destination.In life, one can conquer any obstacle. This was portrayed in this poem. â€Å"Ithaka† was also used to explain that life should be lived to its fullest. The reader should get the experience to learn about foreign sensual learning. â€Å"Ithaka† provided its reader with an exciting and helpful story which had many moral lessons to be taught. The quote â€Å"It is not what an author states, but what he or she whispers that is important† really describes that the authors of both work of literature write more than what is on the paper. There is another story behind every book or poem.

Understand Art Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Understand Art - Assignment Example Arts can easily represent the nudity of the actions of society through artistic elements and pieces and dimensionality. The essence of understanding the elements of arts and design is to learn on how they connect to constitute a theme from the work. Artistic elements determine the extent of expression of a feature that signifies areas according to their intended emphasis. The achievement of familiarity with the materials and the procedures incorporated throughout the course has enhanced efficiency and the students’ dexterity. The course has ensured frequent of materials and handling the arts with specifications on how each tool should be used. The course has fostered the artistic knowledge from the prehistoric times to the current state of arts. The knowledge has accompanied an implication on the evolution that has resulted from the creativity of the artists. The papers done concerning the course can be evaluated according to their contents. The papers testing on the understanding about this case have been moderated to test different sections of visual and performing arts to ascertain understanding of the topics. The course has fostered specialization and change in perception of different types of arts. The writing has triggered better utilization of senses in perception and embracement of different components of arts and the level of the technology involved. Since the arts involve in criticism of human behaviour in the society, senses such as eyes are significant in establishing censure in arts and promote rational judgment. The course would have been more interactive through capturing students’ attention, employing variant teaching formats and encouraging their participation. The participation can be enhanced through encouraging students to dispute an idea. Having students brainstorm probable after posing questions can also

The 7 Unbreakable Rules of Digital Strategy Success Assignment

The 7 Unbreakable Rules of Digital Strategy Success - Assignment Example It is their responses through which the company responds to the market trends. This can be done so through the during the sales process or through formally dedicated surveys conducted to know about the impulse of customers as a whole. Since the customers make up for large part of company profile, company performance, revenues and returns, it is therefore important to start off with the audience identification. Dissection and specialization of services based on the kind of audience to which the services are directed makes up for the first basic principle of success in the entire process of market driven functions. Once the audience is identified accordingly and their areas of concern and interested are dealt with, it enables handling the remaining part of process and task completion easier and practically executable in this regard. Keeping up with the constant change in the demand of the customers also serves for the criteria fulfillment with regard to the customers’ needs

The impact of stock market volatility on monetary policy Dissertation

The impact of stock market volatility on monetary policy - Dissertation Example This section presents the results of the estimation. In table 1 we present the results of running regression specifications (1) and (2) using OLS and GMM instrumental variable estimation. We have used the S and P 500, Dow Jones as well as the FTSE 100 indices as measures of stock market prices. All three have been included to verify whether the results obtained are robust to changes in stock market indices. For the GMM estimation, lagged values of inflation and the output gap have been used as instruments. Finally, we have incorporated a recession dummy in the 2nd specification. This dummy variable takes the value 1 for all quarters between 2007 Q3 and 2009 Q4. In table 1, the 1st column presents the results of running a simple OLS regression on equation (1). The intercept and the coefficient on inflation are positive and significant. However, the coefficient on the output gap, although quite large is not statistically significant. Thus, from the 1st column where the estimation was c arried out of equation (1) we find that the interest rate responds only to the inflation. It does not respond to the output gap. Also, from the last row which presents the Wald test statistic which tests the hypothesis ÃŽ ² = ÃŽ ³ = 0.5, we find the statistic is highly significant. So, the null hypothesis is rejected by the 1st model.   In column 2, the results of estimating the OLS specification (2) are presented. The wald test statistic is 89.25 which is highly significant.... This translates into the query of whether equity price levels as measured by indices such as the Dow Jones or the Standard and Poor 500 should be targeted explicitly by monetary policy or not. Most macroeconomists however are of the opinion that pursuing these queries is not worthwhile since targeting stock market prices requires identification of what the fundamental prices of an asset is before the extent to which the actual price has deviated from the fundamental or target price can be identified. In other words, ex-ante identification of a stock market bubble is extremely difficult. Since the fundamental price of a stock is not verifiable then the nature of deviation of actual prices remains unverifiable as well (Shiller, 1989; Salge, 1997). Bubbles, i.e., increase of prices steadily above fundamentals can be identified ex-post. In hindsight it is clear that the Nasdaq rise or the steady rise in Japanese asset prices in the late 1980’s were such bubbles. But during the res pective phases these movements were not convincingly identified as anything other than reflecting fundamental price dynamics. Therefore under these difficulties of recognising stock market volatility in real time the true complexity of asking what the reaction of monetary authorities should be becomes clear. One possible direction suggested in literature is to make the simplifying assumption that the monetary authority is aware of the presence of a bubble and realizes that the collapse of the bubble is imminent. Post-collapse prices will revert back to the fundamental levels. Then ask what the appropriate reaction of the monetary authority should be under such assumptions. (Blanchard, 2000) Opinion among economists

Oscar Schindler Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Oscar Schindler - Essay Example But this is exactly where the problem lies. The events have been resurrected for the present - as well as for the future - generations. There are issues here like Jew hatred, and now freedom of speech, when holocaust is being discussed even from a historical point of view. These have provided fires to Oscar Schindler's story. This paper gives a brief description of the event and then make a stand that Oscar Schindler is indeed a hero. On April 28, 1908 in Zwittau, Czechoslovakia, Oscar Schindler, a man destined to be great, was born. His life and accomplishments during the war became the subject of a best selling book by Thomas Keneally. Then Steven Spielberg made it into a powerful film, winning many Academy Awards and other honors from the movie industry (Klein n.d.). But how did a member of the Nazi party, war profiteer of slave labor, womanizer, alcoholic and compulsive gambler end up being honored Through "Schindler's List," the true story of a German businessman and Nazi sympathizer is revealed (Scileppi 2003). Poldek Pfefferberg, a black market trader was said to have initiated this incredible story, him who had business links with Schindler and who gave him goods which the latter used as gifts to impress Nazi officers. The whole thing worked, and Schindler became friends with some of the highest ranking officers in the German army (Ibid). SchindlerSchindler was then doing business in 1938 in Poland and found the Nazis' rise to power as his chance to make money. He had started a cookware and utensil company, and to be able to get a series of Nazi military contracts, he applied his natural skills in socializing, flattering and bribing his way (New Internationalist 1994). Itzhak Stern became accountant and financier to assist him in his factory but the more important role was to liaison for Jew workers that Nazi troops herded into Crakow's ghetto by (Scileppi 2003). Kracow's Jews soon filed into Schindler's factory to work. Unknown to the workers, Schindler helped his Jewish employees by falsifying the factory records. For example, their ages were adjusted so that old people were recorded as being younger; juveniles were listed as adults. Professionals were registered as metalworkers, mechanics, and draughtsmen, considered essential to war production. The workers were protected from the extermination commissions that looked into Schindler's records from time to time (Steinhouse 1994) His workers did not know that at the same time, Schindler spent his evenings entertaining many of the local SS and Wehrmacht officers, cultivating friendships and strengthening his position wherever possible. .With an easy charm, Schindler became popular in Nazi social circles in Cracow {Steinhouse 1994). In 1942, when Krakow's Jews are assigned to Plaszow, a Forced Labor Camp run by Commandant Amon Goeth, the survival of the Jews were put in jeopardy. Schindler placed efforts in pleasing Goeth and was able to arrange the continued use of Polish Jews in his plant. (New internationalist 1994). Events that followed made Schindler realize that only he and his factory were what came between his workers and the Nazi death camps. From there he completely gave up generating wealth, and began using his remaining finances as bribes to procure more Jewish workers and maintain the factory's current staff. By the time the allies defeated Germany, his fortune was used up, but by

The Osu Caste system amongst Igbos in Nigeria Essay

The Osu Caste system amongst Igbos in Nigeria - Essay Example Some attributions to clarify this point can be taken from the fact that under flimsy pretexts some people may even be declared Osus if they do not practice the conventional practices of the presumed superior class of society members. The Osu are considered as untouchable in Nigeria and unfairly portrayed as being lazy, dishonest and dirty with repulsive odour as an overall people of almost 2 million who despite legislative laws continue to suffer injustice and social disabilities in our modern times that still has primitive mentalities. (Untouchability in Nigeria & Victor Dike, Sacramento, California) The origins of the Osu caste system is a debatable issue as they are viewed with conflicting representations. According to some this system come into existence when people become slaves for rituals after being dedicated to Gods and thereafter it was considered taboo for other people to socialize with them. This system can also historically be dated thousands of years back when the rules of Osu must have been decided upon with the requirement factors of communities and villages to have dominance over the minorities. A source also claims that after a community, village or town lost a war; its inhabitants became Osu to placate their conquerors and would be obliged to give some of their kin for sacrificial purpose to the gods of their victors to appease them. These victims eventually became the slaves of the conquerors and lived in their temples and shrines dedicated to the gods of their victor's in their towns and were originally named as the Osu. It is incredible that the Osu caste system effects much of the population that stays on the eastern side of the River Niger in inflicts emotional and mental distress on being alienated with some villages continuing to discriminate even generation upon generation of the first Osu specifically when it comes to the issue of marriages. The terrible caste system nightmare continues to therefore haunt the 2 million Osu people absurdly even in the 21st century. (Osu caste system: 21st Century absurdity in Igboland) People termed as Osu and its Heredity Traditionally the Igbo society is split in the Diala (also known as the Nwadiala) as the freeborn people and the Osu as the untouchables and as culturally the Osu people are portrayed as being unclean, they are presumed to have the capacity to defile others and they are therefore isolated out of fear that they would contaminate society. However as the earlier Osu generations were allowed to be non-celibate even when they were slaves, their children continued to inherit their Osu status. As the Osu caste system is deeply rooted in the Southern Nigerian society, the Osu can not even farm next to the Diala; on dying the can be buried on designated days and they can not become rulers or representatives of communities and there is such deep revulsion of the Osu that in the Igbo society that marriages precede investigation by the Diala to verify that the bride or groom is not by any

The UK government is right to listen to claims that large banks should Essay

The UK government is right to listen to claims that large banks should be broken up - Essay Example The impediment is that every niche of this argument is based on a myth. The first misleading notion is that the materialization of huge, universal banks- uniting investment banking with commercial banking- was an unnatural or artificial development. This disjointed market means that banks could not accomplish the economies of scale or simply supply clients on a global or national level. The market needs stimulated the consolidation and gave birth to an evolution towards greater competency in the banking sector.3 A second erroneous belief is that these universal, large institutions were primarily to give guilt for financial crisis. As most grave observers recognize, an amalgamation of risk management and bad lending by poor regulation, bank management and poor-advised consumer performance all played a role. A third misleading notion is that huge financial institutions have become too intricate to supervise. A firm of any size needs strong management and control to supervise complication. In reality, big global institutions have frequently proved more elastic than others because their expansion in business model makes sure that loss in one department of enterprise can be stifled by revenues in other departments of the organization. In some instances, intricacy can be a remedy to risk, instead of a reason of it. 4 The opponents of huge banks that are seldom aired similar to they don’t qualify for examination. Critics point to the excessive influence huge banks mostly has on the political procedures. They panic that those regulators are intimidated by a big bank’s power and position. These opponents appear to consider that regulators are not capable of coming up with independent verdicts. In the practical world, this instance is not true. That supposed, it is genuinely right and mandatory for politicians and regulators to employ with industry and experts practitioners to be trained about these issues. These

Market Structure Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Market Structure - Essay Example Characteristics of Perfectly Competitive Market In a perfectly competitive market, a large number of buyers are willing to buy products and services at a certain price level and a large number of sellers are willing to sale those products and services for the specified price level. All firms are price taker in perfectly competitive market, having a relatively small market share and operating in a profit maximization motive. Profit is maximized in that point where marginal revenue meets marginal cost (Stackelberg, Bazin, Hill and Urch, 2010). There are no barriers to entry and exit for firms into the industry. All factors of production are perfectly mobile in long run perfect competition. Complete information is available to the consumers in terms of product quality, method of production, price of competitors. Purchasing behaviour of the buyers is rational as all information is available to them. Market cannot be affected by any externalities. Buyers are well aware about their market rights. Therefore, no cost of benefit can influence one party to harm the other party. Firms are engaged in producing homogeneous goods which are hardly differentiated in terms of price level and quality. Economies of scale is absent in this market structure as a result of continuance of a large number of buyers and sellers. There is no transaction cost is perfect competition. Hence no cost is involved in exchanging goods in this type of market structure. Local fish or vegetable market is a perfect example of this kind of market structure (Stackelberg, Bazin, Hill and Urch, 2010).